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C语言的存储类型关键字

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/*beginner/auto/auto1.c*/
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int year = 2011;
auto int month = 2;

printf("Year : %d\n", year);
printf("Month: %d\n", month);

return 0;
}

上面的实例定义了两个带有相同存储类的变量。

auto 只能用在函数内,即 auto 只能修饰局部变量

register 存储类型

register 存储类型用于定义存储在寄存器中而不是 RAM 中的局部变量。这意味着变量的最大尺寸等于寄存器的大小(通常是一个词),且不能对它应用一元的 & 运算符(因为它没有内存位置)。

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/*beginner/register/register2.c*/
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
register int sum = 0;
int i = 0;

for (i = 0; i <= 100; i++)
{
sum += i;
printf("Sum : %d\n", sum);
}

return 0;
}


寄存器主要用于快速访问及变化的变量,比如计数器。不过,定义 register 并不意味着变量将被存储在寄存器中,它意味着变量可能存储在寄存器中,只是可能,这取决于硬件和实现的限制,所以这个一般不太实用,除非对系统很精通,确认是寄存器使用,才能起到加速的效果。

static 存储类型

static有多重用法,这里先说一下作为存储类型的用法,这个功能对于需要在某个函数进行初始化且需要保持状态作用大大滴。

  • static 存储类型指示编译器在程序的生命周期内保持局部变量的存在,而不需要在每次它进入和离开作用域时进行创建和销毁。因此,使用 static 修饰局部变量可以在函数调用之间保持局部变量的值。

  • static 修饰符也可以应用于全局变量。当 static 修饰全局变量时,会使变量的作用域限制在声明它的文件内,还未说到多个文件,后续再介绍

  • 全局声明的一个 static 变量或方法可以被任何函数或方法调用,只要这些方法出现在跟 static 变量或方法同一个文件中。

以下实例演示了 static 修饰全局变量和局部变量的应用:

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/*beginner/static/static3.c*/
#include <stdio.h>

void localfunc(void);

static int global = 10;

int main()
{
while (global--)
{
localfunc();
}
return 0;
}
void localfunc(void)
{
static int local = 5;
local++;
printf(" local : %d , global : %d\n", local, global);
}

可以看到运行的结果为:

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$ ./storage3
local : 6 , global : 9
local : 7 , global : 8
local : 8 , global : 7
local : 9 , global : 6
local : 10 , global : 5
local : 11 , global : 4
local : 12 , global : 3
local : 13 , global : 2
local : 14 , global : 1
local : 15 , global : 0

mysql数据库安装和配置

安装指令为:

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$ yum install mysql
$ yum install mysql-server
$ yum install mysql-devel

自从CentOS7之后,mysql更改为mariadb

安装命令为:

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$ yum install mariadb
$ yum install mariadb-server
$ yum install mariadb-devel

数据库的相关指令:

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systemctl start mariadb  #启动MariaDB

systemctl stop mariadb #停止MariaDB

systemctl restart mariadb #重启MariaDB

systemctl enable mariadb #设置开机启动

还有谁 last

.. note::
夕阳无限好,只是近黄昏。
李商隐《乐游原 / 登乐游原》

Linux last 命令用于显示用户最近的登录信息。

官方定义为:

last, lastb - show listing of last logged in users

通过读取/var/log/wtmp文件来获取这些信息。

语法

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$ last [-R] [-num] [ -n num ] [-adFiowx] [ -f file ] [ -t YYYYMMDDHHMMSS] [name...]  [tty...]

参数

  • -R 省略 hostname 的栏位

  • -n 展示前 num 个

  • username 展示 username 的登入讯息

  • tty 限制登入讯息包含终端机代号

一般使用方法

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$ last
username2 pts/17 192.168.100.123 Wed Mar 23 22:14 still logged in
username3 pts/20 localhost:11.0 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)
username4 pts/23 localhost:11.0 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)
username4 pts/4 192.168.100.125 Thu Jun 10 18:37 - 22:57 (04:20)
username5 pts/4 192.168.100.125 Thu Jun 10 18:21 - 18:21 (00:00)
username6 pts/9 192.168.100.126 Thu Jun 10 18:11 - 18:20 (00:09)
username7 pts/15 192.168.100.122 Thu Jun 10 18:04 - 23:44 (1+05:40)
username8 pts/14 192.168.100.121 Thu Jun 10 17:59 - 07:50 (13:50)
username9 pts/9 192.168.100.126 Thu Jun 10 17:59 - 18:03 (00:04)

wtmp begins Thu Jun 10 17:33:14 2013

查看最近登陆的三个用户

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$ last -3

username2 pts/17 192.168.100.123 Wed Mar 23 22:14 still logged in
username3 pts/20 localhost:11.0 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)
username4 pts/23 localhost:11.0 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)

wtmp begins Thu Jun 10 17:33:14 2013

省略hostname

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$ last -3 -R
username2 pts/17 Wed Mar 23 22:14 still logged in
username3 pts/20 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)
username4 pts/23 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)

wtmp begins Thu Jun 10 17:33:14 2013

显示最后一列显示主机IP地址

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$ last -n 5 -a -i
username3 pts/17 Wed Mar 23 22:14 still logged in 192.168.100.123
username5 pts/20 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21) 0.0.0.0
username6 pts/23 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21) 0.0.0.0
username7 pts/19 Wed Mar 23 13:46 - 15:48 (02:01) 192.168.100.123
username8 pts/17 Wed Mar 23 13:18 - 15:47 (02:29) 192.168.100.123

wtmp begins Thu Jun 10 17:33:14 2013

Linux 之 last 登陆信息

Linux last 命令用于显示用户最近的登录信息。

官方定义为:

last, lastb - show listing of last logged in users

通过读取/var/log/wtmp文件来获取这些信息。

语法

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$ last [-R] [-num] [ -n num ] [-adFiowx] [ -f file ] [ -t YYYYMMDDHHMMSS] [name...]  [tty...]

参数

  • -R 省略 hostname 的栏位

  • -n 展示前 num 个

  • username 展示 username 的登入讯息

  • tty 限制登入讯息包含终端机代号

一般使用方法

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$ last
username2 pts/17 192.168.100.123 Wed Mar 23 22:14 still logged in
username3 pts/20 localhost:11.0 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)
username4 pts/23 localhost:11.0 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)
username4 pts/4 192.168.100.125 Thu Jun 10 18:37 - 22:57 (04:20)
username5 pts/4 192.168.100.125 Thu Jun 10 18:21 - 18:21 (00:00)
username6 pts/9 192.168.100.126 Thu Jun 10 18:11 - 18:20 (00:09)
username7 pts/15 192.168.100.122 Thu Jun 10 18:04 - 23:44 (1+05:40)
username8 pts/14 192.168.100.121 Thu Jun 10 17:59 - 07:50 (13:50)
username9 pts/9 192.168.100.126 Thu Jun 10 17:59 - 18:03 (00:04)

wtmp begins Thu Jun 10 17:33:14 2013

查看最近登陆的三个用户

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$ last -3

username2 pts/17 192.168.100.123 Wed Mar 23 22:14 still logged in
username3 pts/20 localhost:11.0 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)
username4 pts/23 localhost:11.0 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)

wtmp begins Thu Jun 10 17:33:14 2013

省略hostname

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$ last -3 -R
username2 pts/17 Wed Mar 23 22:14 still logged in
username3 pts/20 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)
username4 pts/23 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21)

wtmp begins Thu Jun 10 17:33:14 2013

显示最后一列显示主机IP地址

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$ last -n 5 -a -i
username3 pts/17 Wed Mar 23 22:14 still logged in 192.168.100.123
username5 pts/20 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21) 0.0.0.0
username6 pts/23 Wed Mar 23 14:26 - 15:48 (01:21) 0.0.0.0
username7 pts/19 Wed Mar 23 13:46 - 15:48 (02:01) 192.168.100.123
username8 pts/17 Wed Mar 23 13:18 - 15:47 (02:29) 192.168.100.123

wtmp begins Thu Jun 10 17:33:14 2013

​ Last searches back through the file /var/log/wtmp (or the file desig‐
​ nated by the -f flag) and displays a list of all users logged in (and
​ out) since that file was created. Names of users and tty’s can be
​ given, in which case last will show only those entries matching the
​ arguments. Names of ttys can be abbreviated, thus last 0 is the same
​ as last tty0.

When last catches a SIGINT signal (generated by the interrupt key, usu‐
ally control-C) or a SIGQUIT signal (generated by the quit key, usually
control-), last will show how far it has searched through the file; in
the case of the SIGINT signal last will then terminate.

   The pseudo user reboot logs in each time the system is rebooted.   Thus
   last  reboot will show a log of all reboots since the log file was cre‐
   ated.

   Lastb is the same as last, except that by default it shows a log of the
   file /var/log/btmp, which contains all the bad login attempts.

OPTIONS
-f file
Tells last to use a specific file instead of /var/log/wtmp.

   -num   This is a count telling last how many lines to show.

   -n num The same.

   -t YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
          Display  the  state of logins as of the specified time.  This is
          useful, e.g., to determine easily who was logged in at a partic‐
          ular  time  --  specify  that  time  with -t and look for "still
          logged in".

   -f file
          Specifies a file to search other than /var/log/wtmp.

   -R     Suppresses the display of the hostname field.

   -a     Display the hostname in the last column. Useful  in  combination           with the next flag.

   -d     For non-local logins, Linux stores not only the host name of the
          remote host but its IP number as well.  This  option  translates
          the IP number back into a hostname.

   -F     Print full login and logout times and dates.

   -i     This  option is like -d in that it displays the IP number of the
          remote host, but it displays the IP number  in  numbers-and-dots
          notation.

   -o     Read  an  old-type  wtmp  file  (written by linux-libc5 applica‐
          tions).

   -w     Display full user and domain names in the output.

   -x     Display the system shutdown entries and run level changes.

NOTES
The files wtmp and btmp might not be found. The system only logs infor‐
mation in these files if they are present. This is a local configura‐
tion issue. If you want the files to be used, they can be created with
a simple touch(1) command (for example, touch /var/log/wtmp).

FILES
/var/log/wtmp
/var/log/btmp

AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl

SEE ALSO
login(1), init(8)

Python导入模块

使用import

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import math

print(math.pi)
print(math.sin(math.pi))

使用from

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from math import pi,sin,cos

print(pi)
print(sin(123))
print(cos(123))

定义别名

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from math import sin as mysin
from math import cos as mycos

print(mysin(123))
print(mycos(123))

Python 模块的搜索路径

设置PYTHONPATH环境变量

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$ export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:/new/path/

通过sys.path来设置

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import sys

print (sys.path)
print (sys.path.append('/new/path'))
print (sys.path)

通过IDE来设置

根据不用的IDE,有不同的方法,一般在setting那里,
比如Pycharm或者VS code。

获取文件路径

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print("获取当前文件路径——" + os.path.realpath(__file__))  # 获取当前文件路径

parent = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
print("获取其父目录——" + parent) # 从当前文件路径中获取目录

garder = os.path.dirname(parent)
print("获取父目录的父目录——" + garder)
print("获取文件名" + os.path.basename(os.path.realpath(__file__))) # 获取文件名

# 当前文件的路径
pwd = os.getcwd()
print("当前运行文件路径" + pwd)

# 当前文件的父路径
father_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(pwd) + os.path.sep + ".")
print("运行文件父路径" + father_path)

# 当前文件的前两级目录
grader_father = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(pwd) + os.path.sep + "..")
print("运行文件父路径的父路径" + grader_father)
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import os

curpath = os.path.realpath(__file__) # 获取当前文件绝对路径
print(curpath)

dirpath = os.path.dirname(curpath) # 获取当前文件的文件夹路径
print(dirpath)

casespath = os.path.join(dirpath, "cases") # 拼接文件路径
print(casespath)

report = os.path.join(dirpath, "report", "result.html") # 拼接文件夹路径
print(report)

如何安装dspsr – how to install dspsr

如果只是使用,那么可以使用下面一个命令来获取Tempo的运行环境(需要安装docker):

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$ docker run -it shaoguangleo/ubuntu-pulsar

如果希望运行图形界面,运行下述命令:

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$ docker run -it -e DISPLAY=unix$DISPLAY -v /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix shaoguangleo/ubuntu-pulsar

如果希望体验一下Tempo,安装如下所示,配置参考[ASTROSOFT_CONFIG][astrosoft_config]:

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$ tar zxvf tempo.tar.gz
$ cd tempo
$ ./prepare
$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/tempo
$ make
$ make install
$ cp -rv clock ephem tzpar util /usr/local/tempo
$ cp tempo.hlp /usr/local/tempo
$ cp obsys.dat /usr/local/tempo
$ echo "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/tempo/bin" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export TEMPO=/usr/local/tempo" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export CLKDIR=/usr/local/tempo/clock" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export PARDIR=/usr/local/tempo/tzpar" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export EPHDIR=/usr/local/tempo/ephem" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export OBSYS=/usr/local/tempo/obsys.dat" >> ~/.bashrc

Enjoy~
[^ astrosoft_config]: https://github.com/shaoguangleo/AstroSoft

如何安装Tempo – how to install Tempo

如果只是使用,那么可以使用下面一个命令来获取Tempo的运行环境(需要安装docker):

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$ docker run -it shaoguangleo/ubuntu-tempo
# or
$ docker run -it shaoguangleo/centos-tempo

如果希望运行图形界面,运行下述命令:

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$ docker run -it -e DISPLAY=unix$DISPLAY -v /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix shaoguangleo/ubuntu-tempo
# or
$ docker run -it -e DISPLAY=unix$DISPLAY -v /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix shaoguangleo/centos-tempo

如果希望体验一下Tempo,安装如下所示,配置参考[ASTROSOFT_CONFIG][astrosoft_config]:

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$ tar zxvf tempo.tar.gz
$ cd tempo
$ ./prepare
$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/tempo
$ make
$ make install
$ cp -rv clock ephem tzpar util /usr/local/tempo
$ cp tempo.hlp /usr/local/tempo
$ cp obsys.dat /usr/local/tempo
$ echo "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/tempo/bin" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export TEMPO=/usr/local/tempo" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export CLKDIR=/usr/local/tempo/clock" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export PARDIR=/usr/local/tempo/tzpar" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export EPHDIR=/usr/local/tempo/ephem" >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo "export OBSYS=/usr/local/tempo/obsys.dat" >> ~/.bashrc

如何安装Tempo2 – how to install Tempo2

如果只是使用,那么可以使用下面一个命令来获取Tempo的运行环境(需要安装docker):

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$ docker run -it shaoguangleo/ubuntu-tempo2
# or
$ docker run -it shaoguangleo/centos-tempo2

如果希望运行图形界面,运行下述命令,配置参考[ASTROSOFT_CONFIG][astrosoft_config]:

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$ docker run -it -e DISPLAY=unix$DISPLAY -v /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix shaoguangleo/ubuntu-tempo2
# or
$ docker run -it -e DISPLAY=unix$DISPLAY -v /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix shaoguangleo/centos-tempo2

如果希望体验一下Tempo2,安装如下所示:

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$ source astrosoft_config.sh

$ git clone $TEMPO2_WEBSITE tempo2_src

$ cd tempo2_src

$ ./bootstrap
$ cp -r T2runtime $ASTROSOFT/tempo2/
$ export TEMPO2=$ASTROSOFT/tempo2
$ echo "export TEMPO2=$ASTROSOFT/tempo2" >> ~/.bashrc

$ ./configure --prefix=$ASTROSOFT/tempo2

$ make
$ make install

$ make plugins
$ make plugins-install
#make temponest-instal

Linux 强大的网络工具 ethtool

ethtool 命令主要用于查询配置网卡参数, 但是它的功能超出你的想象。

比如有很多网口,不知道哪个对应哪一个,so easy,直接

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$ ethtool -p ethN # Show visible port identification (e.g. blinking)

此时就可以看到ethN的灯在闪了

而具体的查看网卡类型,可以使用

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$ ethtool -i ethN
driver: bnxt_en
version: 1.10.0
firmware-version: 214.0.253.1/pkg 21.40.25.31
expansion-rom-version:
bus-info: 0000:18:00.0
supports-statistics: yes
supports-test: yes
supports-eeprom-access: yes
supports-register-dump: no
supports-priv-flags: no

此时可以通过modinfo来查看网卡驱动的详细信息

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$ modinfo bnxt_en

ilename: /lib/modules/4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_1.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnxt/bnxt_en.ko.xz
version: 1.10.0
description: Broadcom BCM573xx network driver
license: GPL
rhelversion: 8.1
srcversion: 2E74274561578E7E250F661
alias: pci:v000014E4d0000D800sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v000014E4d00001807sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
......
depends:
intree: Y
name: bnxt_en
vermagic: 4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_1.x86_64 SMP mod_unload modversions
sig_id: PKCS#7
signer: CentOS Linux kernel signing key
sig_key: 6C:E4:44:06:AD:56:56:1C:FE:E9:7E:99:45:F8:69:0F:DF:1E:EA:FA
sig_hashalgo: sha256
signature: 39:1D:A1:0F:56:8A:BB:20:44:2B:B0:6B:6E:6D:89:DD:15:BC:A2:19:...